Index
A
Abelard, Peter, 28
Ad extirpanda (papal bull), 229, 230
Agnes of Montpellier, 76
Aimery of Montréal, 63, 104, 111, 130–31
Al-Andalus, 132
Albi, 1–5, 7, 31, 52, 58, 64, 110, 183
inquisitors in, 196, 200, 205–6
Albigenses
see Cathars
Albigensian Crusade, 2, 4, 6–8, 10, 19, 90, 97, 218
Innocent III announced end of, 137, 138–39
mass executions by fire, 116
protagonists in, 152–56
Alfons-Jordan, 47
Alice of Montmorency, 108, 127, 135, 162, 255
Almohad armies, 132–33
Alphonse of Poitiers, 207
Amaury, Arnold, ix, 6, 15, 58–60, 61, 66, 68–69, 73, 92, 131, 137, 152, 180, 183, 246
and conclave on Raymond of Toulouse, 125–26
conflict with Pedro of Aragon, 138–41
and crusade, 76–78, 81–82, 84–85, 87, 95, 100, 101, 115, 133
death of, 176
excommunicated civic government of Toulouse, 117–18
excommunication of Simon de Montfort, 159
and Raymond’s effort at rehabilitation, 128
Amaury de Montfort, xi, 166, 169–70, 172, 177–78, 181, 225
Amiel de Perles, 237
Amiens, 181
Annibaldi, 35
Anthroposophy, 254
Anticlericalism, 51–52
Antipopes, 34
Applewhite, Marshall, 261
Aquinas, Thomas, 175
Aragon, 47, 49, 137, 138, 139–40, 181, 240–41
Aragon and Barcelona, kingdom of, 10, 47
Aragonese, 144–45
Ariege, 258–59
Aries, 183
Arnald, William, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 227
Arnold of Villemur, 153
Asset forfeiture, 57
Autier, James, 237
Autier, Peter, ix, 15, 231–32, 233–34, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242
Avignon, 182–83
Avignonet, 208–10, 211, 213, 215, 218, 226
B
Babas-cool, 258–59
Baigent, Michael, 260
Balearic Islands, 181
Basil the Bogomil, 23
Baudelaire, Charles, 254
Béarn, 134
Becket, Thomas, 25, 38, 66, 70
Bélibaste, William, ix, 15, 239–46
Bélibastes (clan), 239–40
Beatrice of Béziers, 49
Benedict VIII, Pope, 230–31
Benedict of Termes, 63
Bernanos, Georges, 64
Bernard de Castanet, Bishop, 4, 5, 232–33
Bernard de Caux, 227–28
Bernard de St. Martin, 210
Bernard de Simorre, 59
Bernard of Clairvaux, ix, 29–30, 29f, 40, 42, 49, 63
Bernard of Tiron, 28
Bernard-Otto of Niort, 184
Bertrand of Saissac, 51, 77, 104
Béziers, 7, 17, 52, 53, 58, 62, 90, 92, 100, 109, 111, 117, 163, 169
attack on, 78–80, 81–87, 88, 221
massacre at, 83f, 85–87, 89, 105, 124, 183
revenge of, 99
Bishops, 50, 58, 140, 170–72, 195
ferreting out heretics, 194
Biterrois, 78–79, 81, 84, 85, 90
Black Brotherhood, 123, 160–61
Blanche of Castile, xi, 185–86, 185f, 189, 190, 207
Blanche of Laurac, x, 43, 63, 131, 184
Blood money, 196
Borsier family, 192
Bouchard de Marly, xi, 105–6, 108, 127, 135
in battle of Muret, 144, 145–47
death of, 182
Bouffeurs du curé (priest eaters), 249
fall of, 99
Bourrel, Aude, 234
Bram (town), 106, 109, 111, 124
Breakspear, Nicholas, 28
Byzantine Empire, 23
C
castle of, 104–6
Cabrel, Francis, 247–48
Caetani (clan), 35
Capets, 47, 177, 180, 181, 185, 212
annexing Languedoc, 10
Carcassonne, 7, 18, 31, 49, 52, 58, 62, 79–80, 89f, 111, 117, 136, 141
in crusade, 88–103
debate at, 59
genie unleashed at, 137
Inquisition interrogations in, 228
Inquisition registers, 233
pop exploitation of Catharism, 248
Simon de Montfort master of, 106, 110
Catalonia, 92, 137, 225, 240, 243
Catapults, 112–13, 114, 127, 165, 166, 217, 218
Cathala, Arnold, 200
Cathar country, 247–64
Cathar leaders
poverty of, 61–62
Cathar treasure, 217, 255, 260–61
story of, 251–52
Cathar wars, anonymous chronicler of, 167–68
Catharism, 7–9, 14–15, 44, 56, 81, 208, 219, 226, 243
beliefs in, 10–13, 21–22, 24–26, 31
defenders of, in Albigensian Crusade, 90
Dominican order and, 60
documentary record, 14–15
havens for surplus women, 64
Italian, 229–30
in Languedoc, 17–31, 41, 126, 214
as mass phenomenon, 260
repression of, 179
resistance to Inquisition, 204–5
reversion to, 170
women in, 12, 25–26, 41–44, 173
Cathars, 2, 7–16, 57, 137, 156, 180, 232–38
betrayed to Inquisition, 196, 222–25, 229, 234–35, 237–38, 246
call for crusade against, 69–70
campaign against, 5–6
and Cistercian monks, 59
connection to Nazis, 257–58
debates with Catholics, 55–56, 57, 58, 62–63, 71, 94, 130
Inquisition in destruction of, 197–200, 226–30
in Languedoc, 8, 9–10, 183, 222–25, 239
legacy of, 262–64
at Montségur, 213–21
network of, 161
organization, 31
and power struggle between feudal lords, 106–7
Raymond Roger Trencavel and, 76, 77
reemergence of, 173–74
revival of, 233–38
romanticized, 253
in Toulouse, 121–23
valedictory, 222–25
writings about, 249–52, 253, 255–62
Cathedral of Ste-Cécile, 2–5, 3f
Catholic hierarchy, 170–72
conclave on Raymond of Toulouse, 125–26
Catholicism, 258
conversion to, 204
Catholics, 121
debates with Cathars, 55–56, 57, 58, 62–63, 94, 130
Cavaille, William-Peter, 237
Celestine III, Pope, 35
Cellerien, Sicard, 31
Champagne, 8
Charlemagne, 46
Chartres, 181
Chatte (cat), 97–98, 164–65, 166–67, 216
Christianity, 37
as cash cow for French monarchs, 181
dissatisfaction with, 8
role in world, 31
women in, 40–41
Church leaders, Languedoc, 170–72
Church of Rome, 109
Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Béziers), 79, 85
Cistercian monastic movement/monks, 49–51, 58–60, 62, 176, 196, 200
Civil society
destroyed by Inquisition, 198
Claricia, 36
Clement III, Pope, 36
Clergue, Peter, 238
Cologne, Germany, 30
Comminges, 134
Comminges, count of, 139
Consolamentum, 23–24, 26, 77, 131, 173, 191, 219, 235–36, 242
Constance (mother of Raymond VI), 44, 45
Constantine, 37
Consuls (capitouls), 52, 120, 160
Conti family, 35–36
Conti di Segni, Lotario dei
see Innocent III, Pope (Lotario dei Conti di Segni)
Corbières, 18, 79, 90, 127, 157, 240, 246, 258, 262
Cordes, 200
Counterculture, 258–59
Couserans, 134
Credentes, 21, 22, 25–26, 28, 115, 121, 122, 131, 173, 174, 210, 235
of Bélibaste, 241
burned at Montségur, 219
errors in beliefs of, 236
number of, 41
refuge at Montségur, 214
attack on Béziers, 78–80, 81–87, 88, 221
end of, 179–90
end of, ordered, 137, 138–39, 140
against lands of Toulouse, 129–31
in Languedoc, 138–41
military success of, 118
reinstated, 141
victim of quarantine, 169
see also Albigensian Crusade
Crusaders, 70–74
attack on Carcassonne, 88–103
attack on Minerve, 112–16
battle of Muret, 141–49
destruction by, 109
promises made to, 72
bloody sideshows in, 73
doom for Jews in, 80
D
D’Alfaro, Raymond, 208–9
Dante Alighieri, 58
De miseria condicionis humanae (Clement III), 36
Debussy, Claude, 261
Delicieux, Bernard, 4, 233, 234f
Diego de Azevedo, bishop of Osma, 60–63
Dispossession, threat of, 202
Divine Comedy (Dante), 58
Docetism, 30
Doinel, Jules, 254
Dominic, St.
see Domingo de Guzmán (St. Dominic)
Dominicans, 60, 172, 174–75, 202
inquisitors, 192, 196, 200–205, 208, 229, 232
Domingo de Guzmán (St. Dominic), x, 15, 60–66, 61f, 71, 129, 173, 185, 202, 239, 250
canonized saint, 192
death of, 174–75
Dondaine, Antoine, 14
Dualism, 13, 18, 23, 81, 111, 121, 236, 238, 245
“churches” of, 230
Dutch Rosicrucians, 259
E
Eco, Umberto, 228
Eleanor (wife of Raymond of Toulouse), 92
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 190, 225
Endura (hunger strike), 236
England, 181
Enguerrand of Coucy, 129
Epernon, Robert d’, 22
Ermessinde (wife of Roger Bernard), 225
Esclarmonde of Foix, x, 43, 110–1, 153, 176, 250, 256
film about, 262
operas about, 253
Etiennette de Pennautier (called Loba), 45–46, 48, 104, 105, 176
Eudes, duke of Burgundy, 69
Eudo, 27
Europe, Church in, 39
Excommunication, threat of, 202
F
Fabre, Raymond, 237
Faidits (fautors), 107
Fair heretics (bela eretga), 44
Fanjeaux (town), 18, 43, 62, 110
Fausta (wife of Constantine), 37, 38
Ferrer, Brother, 226–27
Feudal lords
political power struggle between, 106–7
Feudal order
French king represented sacred legitimacy of, 183
Feudalism, 44
Fiancée des ténèbres, La (film), 262
Figueira, Guilhem, 171
First Crusade, 46
First World War, 254
Flanders, 52
castle of, 108
Foix, family of, 135–36
Fontevrault, 224
Fontfroide, monastery of, 59
Fournier, Jacques (later Benedict XII), x, 237, 238, 239, 245–46, 245f
Fourth Crusade, 72–73, 108, 119
Fourth Lateran Council, 150–56, 152f, 177, 195
decree of, 155–56, 157, 161, 170, 178
France, 10
annexed Languedoc, 2, 10, 19, 225
Francis of Assisi, 62
Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, 22, 28, 72
Frederick II, Emperor (Stupor Mundi), 35, 203, 207, 218
royal crusade, 183–87
French monarchy
Occitans and, 183
French Third Republic, 249, 250, 253
French Underground, 258
Fulk of Marseilles, bishop of Toulouse, x, 15, 42, 49, 58, 64, 66, 68–69, 122f, 124, 130, 152, 171–72, 202, 246
deceased, 192
at Fourth Lateran Council, 153–54, 155–56
preaching campaign in Toulouse, 121–23
and siege of Toulouse, 160, 161, 164
G
Gascon nobility, 142
Gascony, 47
Gaston of Béarn, 139
Gelasius II, Pope, 34
Genoa, 181
Geralda, lady of Lavaur, 111, 131
Giotto di Bondone, 62
God of Catharism, 11
Golairan, William-Raymond, 209
Gospel of John, 80–81
Great Heresy
Languedoc and, 17–31
Gregory IX, Pope (Ugolino dei Conti di Segni), x, 186, 193, 194f, 195–96, 202–3
death of, 207
Gros, Raymond, 204
Guilhabert of Castres, x–xi, 15, 43, 63, 110, 173, 191, 192, 214, 239, 259
Guirdham, Arthur, 259
Guy de Montfort, 166
H
Heaven’s Gate, 261
Helena (mother of Constantine), 37
Henry II, king of England, 25, 66, 70, 225
Henry III, king of England, 207–8, 211–12
Henry VI, Emperor and king of Germany, 34–35, 203
Henry VIII, king of England, 38
bastion of, 110
celebration of failed, 248–49
Inquisition and, 225–30
in Italy, 230
Languedoc, 156
putting down, 195–96
rooting out, 206
Heresy tribunal, 193–95
Heretics, 72
Hervé de Donzy, count of Nevers, 69, 100
Hildegard of Bingen, 40
Histoire des Albigeois (Peyrat), 250
Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, The (Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln), 260–61
Honorius III, Pope, 169
Hot, Arnold, 63
Hugh de Lacy, 103
Hugo, Victor, 261
Humbert de Beaujeau, 186
Hundred Years’ War, 212
Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 254
I
Iberian Peninsula, 10, 93, 132
Ideas, 20
history of, 10
in Languedoc, 52–53
Ile de France, 10, 19, 44, 178
Innocent III, Pope (Lotario dei Conti di Segni), xi, 15, 32–39, 34f, 40, 41, 51, 54, 60, 62, 66, 70, 157, 171, 176, 177, 186, 196, 203, 239
on bishops, 195
and Church in Languedoc, 57–58
and crusades, 72, 73–74, 87, 94, 133, 137
ended Albigensian Crusade, 137, 138–39, 140
Fourth Lateran Council, 150–51, 153–56, 161
launched Albigensian Crusade, 6
made it crime to tolerate presence of heretics, 106–7
Pedro vassal of, 92–93
power of, 118–19
and punishment of Raymond, 126, 129
and Raymond of Toulouse’s diplomatic offensive, 119–20, 124, 125
reinstated crusade, 140–41
Innocent IV, Pope, 229–30
Inquisition, 2, 7, 42, 173, 191–200, 211, 214, 215, 218–19, 225–30, 240, 241, 242, 246
Aragonese, 241
backlash, 201–10
heads of, 237
interrogation check list, 197
in Italy, 229–30
symbol of, 220f
torture in, 229
Inquisition registers, 227, 227f, 233
Inquisitors, 196–200, 202–4, 205f, 208, 211, 213, 222, 225–30, 232, 238
Inquisitor’s manuals, 228
Interdict, 129
threat of, 202
Internet, 261
Italian language, 22
Inquisition in, 229–30
J
Jean de St. Pierre, 227–28
Jerusalem, 8, 39, 46, 70, 72, 137, 151
Jesus of Nazareth, 24, 30, 260
attacked by crusaders, 73
doom for, in crusades, 80
required to wear yellow circle, 151
Joan of Arc, cult of, 250
Joan of England, 45, 156, 158, 224
John, king of England, 149, 181
Jordan, Pons, 63
Jubilee, 230–32
K
in battle of Muret, 141–43, 146
killed at Lavaur, 130
mounted, 71
in siege of Toulouse, 165–66
Kreuzzug gegen den Gral (Rahn), 256
L
Lackland, John, 45
Amaury de Montfort handed over to France, 178, 181
annexed to France, 2, 10, 19, 225
betrayal of Cathars in, 222–25
Cathars and, 8, 9–10, 183, 222- 25, 239
debate between Cathars and Catholics, 55–56, 57, 58
in Fourth Lateran Council, 152–56
fragility of, 172–73
and the Great Heresy, 16, 17–31
Inquisition in, 230
linguistic recovery movement, 253
as moral utopia, 255
overlords, 44–49
partible inheritance system, 43
pop exploitation of Catharism, 247–49, 258–62
repression of Cathars in, 228
resentment toward Inquisition in, 206
revolt in, 211–13
Romano di San Angelo papal legate to, 179–80
search for heretics in, 196
Simon de Montfort lord of, 152, 156, 159
tolerance in, 173
troubadour culture, 250
war in, 169–72
warriors from, besieging Montségur, 215–18
dispossessed, 106–7
and royal crusade, 182–83
La Mancha, 132–33
Las Navas de Tolosa, 133, 138, 142, 159
Laurac, 173
Lauragais, 173
Lavaur, 18, 129, 137, 138, 173, 184
Leigh, Richard, 260
Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 14
Lincoln, Henry, 260
Lizier, Grazida, 236
Lombard League, 22
Lombardy, 52
Lombers (town), 30–31, 44, 56, 110
Louis VIII, king of France, xii, 169, 177, 180–81, 213
Louis IX, king of France, 185f, 189, 215, 239
Louvre, 190
Lucius II, Pope, 34
Luzifers Hofgesind (Rahn), 256–57
M
Magiciens et illuminés (Magre), 255
Magre, Maurice, 255–56, 258, 260
Maimonides, Moses, 202
Main de Dieu, La (movie), 261–62
Malvoisine, La (Bad Neighbor), 112–13, 114, 124, 164
Mangonels, 96
Manual of the Inquisitors of Carcassonne (Bernard de Caux), 228
Mark (gravedigger), 22, 229, 239
Marmande massacre, 169, 177, 183
Marseilles, 183
Marty, Arnold, 243
Marty, Bertrand, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219
Mary, mother of Jesus, 40, 101
Mary Magdalene, 80–81, 239, 260
Mass executions by fire, 116
Massacres, 211
at Marmande, 169
at Montgey, 153–54
Matter/material world
Medieval (the), 7
Medieval society, 71
Medieval warfare
conventions of, 84
sabotage scenario, 98
Melioramentum, 21, 22, 121, 242
Mercadier, Sans, 237
Mercenaries (routiers), 65, 71, 86, 164, 215
Mercier, Guirald, 31
Metempsychosis, 42
Mine gallery(ies), 98
Minerve, 111–16, 124, 125, 127, 137, 164, 173
Mirabilis Urbis Romae (Innocent III), 36
Mirepoix, 173
Mistral, Frederic, 253
Moissac, 200
Monastic clergy, 50
Monasticism, 49
Montagne Noire, 18, 79, 90, 105, 127, 157
Perfects on, 192
Montaillou (Le Roy Ladurie), 14
Arnold Amaury turned against, 176
reparations to, 180
massacre at, 153–54
Montpellier, 7, 17, 47, 52, 59, 60, 128
Church leaders exiled in, 170
and crusade, 76
Dominic in, 61–62
Inquisition in, 202
siege of, 206
Montségur, 18, 137, 153, 256, 259, 262–63, 263f
siege of, 7
studies of, 258
refuge for Perfect, 213–15
Moore, R. I., 13
Mount St. Bartholomew, 110, 214, 263
Muret, 177
battle of, 141–49, 146f, 147f, 152
memory of, avenged, 166
N
Name of the Rose, The (Eco), 228
Narbonne, 7, 17, 52, 53, 57, 58, 159, 183
al-Nasir, Muhammad, 132
Nervas Forum, 37
New Age, 259
Newton, Isaac, 261
Niel, Fernand, 258
Noblewomen, 43
Notre Dame Cathedral, 24, 187–88, 189, 190, 207
O
Occitan culture, 44
Occitan knights, 144
Occitan language, 19–20, 22, 253
Occitan nobles, 142, 156, 169, 176
Occitanists, 254–55
embassy to Rome, 119–20
and French monarchy, 183
at jubilee, 231
Old Testament, 30
Order of Friars Preachers
see Dominicans
Order of the Solar Temple, 16, 261
P
as power broker, 151
temporal possessions of, 203
Papal courts, 228
Papal legates
prosecutorial power of, 195–96
Paranormal, 254
Parsifal (von Eschenbach), 256
Partible inheritance, 43
Patrimony of Peter, 118–19
“Peace of God” movements, 50
Pedro II, king of Aragon, xii, 56, 59, 76, 111, 135, 155, 159, 181
in battle of Muret, 142, 145, 148
conflict with Arnold Armaury, 138–41
and crusade, 92–96
crusade against Muslims, 133–34
holdings of, 138
and Raymond’s rehabilitation efforts, 125, 128–29
recognized Simon de Montfort as vassal, 127–28
seal of, 93f
tolerance for Cathars, 137
tried to stop crusade against Toulouse, 134
Péladan, Josephin (called Sar), 254
Pelhisson, William, 192, 193, 201
Perfect (the), 8–9, 21–22, 28, 30, 31, 42, 63, 70, 122, 137, 174, 191, 208
administering consolamentum raison d’être of, 235–36
in Béziers, 79
burning of, 131, 218–21, 230, 237
capital crime of being, 199
converting to Catholicism, 229
killed at Minerve, 115–16
number of, 44
reemergence of, 173–74
refuge on Montségur, 213–15, 216
regimen of, 23–24
response to Inquisition, 204–5, 237
running from violence, 109–11, 240
saving Cathar treasury, 217
status of, 41
Peter of Bruis, 28
Peter of Castelnau, xi, 59–60, 61, 64, 65, 82
murder of, 66, 68, 70, 76, 120, 125, 195, 261
Peter of Courtenay, count of Auxerre, 69
Peter of Nemours, 129
Peter of Vaux de Cernay, 82, 85, 97, 114, 116, 119, 125, 143–44
Peter Roger of Cabaret, 90–91, 105, 106, 111, 127
Peter Roger of Mirepoix, 209, 210, 215, 216, 217, 218
Petrarch, Francesco, 37
Petrine commission, 26
Peyrat, Napoleon, 249–52, 253, 254, 255, 261, 262
Philip Augustus, king of France, xii, 57, 69, 94, 126
Philippa (wife of Raymond Roger), 43, 111, 176
Pilgrms, 72
Piquier, Raymonda, 241
Plantagenet, Henry
see Henry II, King of England
plan to recover territory of Poitou, 212
Poitou, 212
see also Papacy
Popular culture
exploitation of Cathars in, 6, 247–49, 258–62
Poussin, Nicolas, 261
Poverty, apostolic, 61–62
Prades Tavernier, 237
Proskynesis (kissing of feet), 33
Prouille, 110
Provence/Provençals, 47, 65, 156, 158, 161
Pulp Fiction (Tarantino), 6
Pyrenees, 18, 214, 216, 258, 262
Q
Quarantine, 72, 78, 102, 109, 169
Quertinheux (fortress), 105
R
Raoul of Fontfroide, 59, 61, 64, 82
Raymond, Bernard, 31
Raymond, Peter, 237
Raymond de Saint Gilles
see Raymond VI
Raymond du Fauga, bishop of Toulouse, 192–93, 196, 204, 246
Raymond of Pereille, 213–14, 215, 219
Raymond of Rabastens, bishop of Toulouse, 58, 68
Raymond Roger of Foix, xii, 15, 43, 46, 48, 56, 105, 178, 184
attack on crusaders, 130
in battle of Muret, 144
and Cathars, 110–11
death of, 176
in defense of Toulouse, 135, 136
at Fourth Lateran Council, 153, 154
stood by Raymond of Toulouse, 125
Raymond IV, count of Toulouse, 46
Raymond V, count of Toulouse, 44–45
Raymond VI, count of Toulouse, xii, 15, 44, 45–46, 47–49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 128, 134, 180
in battle of Muret, 142–43, 145, 147, 149
campaign for rehabilitation, 123–27, 128–29
in crusade, 70–71, 73–74, 75–76, 85, 92, 102
death of, 175–76
in defense of Toulouse, 135, 136
diplomatic offensive by, 117–20
excommunication, 65, 66, 117–18, 120, 124, 126, 127, 129
fled to England, 149
at Fourth Lateran Council, 152
personal characteristics, 108
public scourging, 67–68, 69–70, 187
punishment, 140
seal of, 45f
in siege of Toulouse, 161–62
tolerance toward Cathars, 111
Raymond VII, count of Toulouse (Raymond the younger), xii, 134, 145, 149, 155, 156, 158–59, 170, 172, 176, 179–80, 196, 200, 207
became Raymond VII, 175
death of, 224–25
excommunicated, 180
hunting down Perfects, 192
and Montségur, 218
persecution of Cathars, 223–24
revolt by, 211–13
and royal crusade, 182, 184, 187
seal of, 180f
and siege of Toulouse, 164
Reconquista, 133
Renaissance of twelfth century, 7–8
Rennes-le-Château, 261
Revivalist tours, 59–60
Rheims, 181
Richard Lionheart, 45, 72, 225
Richard of Cornwall, 212
Robert le Bougre, 195
Robert of Arbrissel, 27–28, 40, 224
Roché, Déodat, 254–55, 258, 259–60
Roger Bernard of Foix, 136, 170, 184, 225
in siege of Toulouse, 163, 165
Roman law, 151
Romano di San Angelo, Cardinal, 179–80, 181, 183, 185–86, 187, 196
punishment of Raymond VII, 187–90
Rome, 32–39
Roquebert, Michel, 183
Rouen, 181
S
SS. Sergio and Bacco (church), 37
Sacraments, Cathar, 23–24
St. Félix en Lauragais, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31, 41, 52, 130, 208
Saint Gilles (family), 46–47, 49, 70, 94, 120, 127, 152, 162
burial ground of, 175
end of line of, 225
followers of, 157
loss of power, 213
patrimony, 207
St. Gilles (town), 51, 57, 66, 67, 180, 183
special conclave in, 124–25, 126
St. John Lateran (basilica), 37–38
St. Nazaire Cathedral, 167
St. -Pons-de-Thomieres, 51
St. Sernin (church), 175
Sainte Chapelle, 189
Saladin, 72
Sancha of Aragon (wife of Raymond VII), 138, 207
Sancho, count of Provence, 138
Sang de Toulouse, Le (Magre), 255
Sans, Peter, 237
Sant Mateu, 242, 243, 244, 246
Seila, Peter, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206
Sens, 181
Servian, 62
Sicre, Arnold, 242–46
Siege engines, 96–97, 164–65, 216
Sieges, 84
Carcassonne, 92, 99–100, 101–3, 105, 206–7
Lavaur, 129–31
Montségur, 7
Toulouse, 157–68, 167f, 169, 212, 216
Sierra Morena, 132–33
Simon de Montfort, xiii, 15, 102f, 107–9, 117, 133, 170, 173, 182, 186, 189, 206, 225
Albigensian Crusade, 6
attack on Minerve, 112–15
army of, 108–9
battle of Muret, 141–49
bond of vassalage to Aragon, 127–28, 140
campaign of 1210, 106, 124, 125, 127
death of, 166–68, 167f, 172, 174
fight with Pedro of Aragon, 134, 136–37
lands awarded to, 155–56
ordered to end crusade, 138–39
poll tax, 109–10
repulsed before Cabaret, 105
resistance to, 110
siege of Carcassonne, 92, 101–3
siege of Lavaur, 129–31
siege of Toulouse, 134–37, 157–68, 216
sovereignty over Languedoc, 152, 156, 159
truce with Raymond Roger, 111
Simon de Montfort (fourth son of Simon de Montfort), 107
Spiritual Franciscans, 233
Ste-Cécile, 233
Steiner, Rudolf, 254
Stephen of St. Thibery, 204, 206, 208, 210, 227
Surdespine (fortress), 105
T
Tanchelm of Antwerp, 27
Tarantino, Quentin, 6
Textor, John, 201
Thedisius, 125
Theosophy, 253
Third Crusade, 72
return to, 169–78
Toulousains, 47, 148–49, 159, 162, 163, 165, 184, 186
Toulouse, 7, 18, 31, 52, 64, 75, 120–21, 125, 173
Cathars sought refuge in, 111
changed life in, 192
crusade against, 129–31
Dominicans in, 175
French dominion over, 207
gang warfare in, 123
inquisitors in, 196, 201–2, 203, 204
under interdict, 118, 120, 204
siege of, 157–68, 167f, 169, 212, 216
Simon’s campaign against, 134–37
university in, 190
Towns, medieval, 52–53
Trasimondo, 36
Trebuchets, 96–97, 112–13, 113f, 114, 216
Trencavel, Raymond Roger, xii, 56, 105, 178, 246
and attack on Carcassonne, 89–90, 91, 93–96, 98–102
and crusade, 75–80
death of, 101
revolt by, 206–7
seal of, 77f
son of, 128
vassal of King Pedro, 93–96
Trencavel lands, 124, 127, 135, 138, 188
Cathars in, 111
given to Simon de Montfort, 101, 105, 156
rooting out heresy in, 206
Trencavels, 48–49, 50–51, 52, 75, 79, 94, 120
and crusade, 76
vassals of, 157
Trésor des Albigeois, Le (Magre), 255
Trial by ordeal, 151
Troubadour culture, 52, 250, 253, 259
Troubadour poetry, 19–20
Troubadours, 9, 43–44, 133, 170f, 171, 256
Troyes, Chrétien de, 256
Two Principles of creation, 11
U
Urban II, Pope, 8
V
Vassalage, 128
Vassaletti (clan), 35
Ventura, William, 231
Via Domitia, 76
Vigoros of Bacone, 202
Villerouge-Termenès, 246
Vinci, Leonardo da, 261
von Eschenbach, Wolfram, 256
W
Waldensians (“Poor Men of Lyons”), 8, 62
Wagner, Richard, 254
Water supplies, control of, 91, 99, 114, 164
Weil, Simone, 255
Western civilization, 13
White Brotherhood, 123–24, 129–30, 131
William (Franciscan friar), 223
William (priest and siege engineer), 127, 129, 130
William de Balaguier, 210
William of Contres, 144, 145, 147
William of Lahille, 210
William of Minerve, 111, 114–15
William of Paris, 189
William of Puylaurens, 82
William of Soler, 204
William of Tudela, 78, 82, 83, 85–86, 92, 94, 100, 116, 119
in Catharism, 12, 25–26, 41–44, 173
Z