Index



A


Abelard, Peter, 28

Ad extirpanda (papal bull), 229, 230

Agnes of Montpellier, 76

Aimery of Montréal, 63, 104, 111, 130–31

Al-Andalus, 132

Albi, 1–5, 7, 31, 52, 58, 64, 110, 183

inquisitors in, 196, 200, 205–6

Albigenses

see Cathars

Albigensian Crusade, 2, 4, 6–8, 10, 19, 90, 97, 218

end of, 187, 192

Innocent III announced end of, 137, 138–39

mass executions by fire, 116

protagonists in, 152–56

Alfons-Jordan, 47

Alice of Montmorency, 108, 127, 135, 162, 255

Almohad armies, 132–33

Alphonse of Poitiers, 207

Amaury, Arnold, ix, 6, 15, 58–60, 61, 66, 68–69, 73, 92, 131, 137, 152, 180, 183, 246

and conclave on Raymond of Toulouse, 125–26

conflict with Pedro of Aragon, 138–41

and crusade, 76–78, 81–82, 84–85, 87, 95, 100, 101, 115, 133

in crusades, 76–78, 133

death of, 176

excommunicated civic government of Toulouse, 117–18

excommunication of Simon de Montfort, 159

and Raymond’s effort at rehabilitation, 128

Amaury de Montfort, xi, 166, 169–70, 172, 177–78, 181, 225

Amiel de Perles, 237

Amiel, Peter, 183, 215, 219

Amiens, 181

Andalusia, 133, 134

Annibaldi, 35

Anthroposophy, 254

Anticlericalism, 51–52

Antioch Wood, 209, 210

Antipopes, 34

Applewhite, Marshall, 261

Aquinas, Thomas, 175

Aquitaine, 47, 181, 212

Aragon, 47, 49, 137, 138, 139–40, 181, 240–41

nobles from, 92, 142

Aragon and Barcelona, kingdom of, 10, 47

Aragonese, 144–45

Ariege, 258–59

Aries, 183

Arnald, William, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 227

Arnold of Brescia, 28, 34

Arnold of Villemur, 153

Asset forfeiture, 57

Autier, James, 237

Autier, Peter, ix, 15, 231–32, 233–34, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 242

Autier, William, 231–32, 237

Avignon, 182–83

Avignonet, 208–10, 211, 213, 215, 218, 226

B


Babas-cool, 258–59

Baigent, Michael, 260

Balearic Islands, 181

Barcelona, 47, 138, 181

Basil the Bogomil, 23

Basque nobility, 142, 144

Baudelaire, Charles, 254

Bayle, Pons, 237, 242

Bayle, Sibyl, 242, 246

Béarn, 134

Beaucaire, 158, 159, 164, 183

Becket, Thomas, 25, 38, 66, 70

Bélibaste, William, ix, 15, 239–46

Bélibastes (clan), 239–40

Beatrice of Béziers, 49

Benedict VIII, Pope, 230–31

Benedict of Termes, 63

Bernanos, Georges, 64

Bernard de Castanet, Bishop, 4, 5, 232–33

Bernard de Caux, 227–28

Bernard de St. Martin, 210

Bernard de Simorre, 59

Bernard of Clairvaux, ix, 29–30, 29f, 40, 42, 49, 63

Bernard of Tiron, 28

Bernard-Otto of Niort, 184

Bertrand of Saissac, 51, 77, 104

Béziers, 7, 17, 52, 53, 58, 62, 90, 92, 100, 109, 111, 117, 163, 169

attack on, 78–80, 81–87, 88, 221

massacre at, 83f, 85–87, 89, 105, 124, 183

revenge of, 99

sack of, 6, 14, 121

Bishops, 50, 58, 140, 170–72, 195

ferreting out heretics, 194

Biterrois, 78–79, 81, 84, 85, 90

Black Brotherhood, 123, 160–61

Blanche of Castile, xi, 185–86, 185f, 189, 190, 207

Blanche of Laurac, x, 43, 63, 131, 184

Blood money, 196

Bogomil faith, 23, 26

Borsier family, 192

Bouchard de Marly, xi, 105–6, 108, 127, 135

in battle of Muret, 144, 145–47

death of, 182

Bouffeurs du curé (priest eaters), 249

Bourg, 91–92, 96, 206

fall of, 99

Bourrel, Aude, 234

Bram (town), 106, 109, 111, 124

Breakspear, Nicholas, 28

Byzantine Empire, 23

Byzantium, 108, 119

C


Cabaret, 111, 170

castle of, 104–6

Cabrel, Francis, 247–48

Caetani (clan), 35

Canon law, 119, 120, 140

Capets, 47, 177, 180, 181, 185, 212

annexing Languedoc, 10

Carcassonne, 7, 18, 31, 49, 52, 58, 62, 79–80, 89f, 111, 117, 136, 141

Cathars in, 100, 173

in crusade, 88–103

debate at, 59

dungeon of, 208, 228, 233

genie unleashed at, 137

Inquisition interrogations in, 228

Inquisition registers, 233

inquisitors in, 196, 205–6

pop exploitation of Catharism, 248

and royal crusade, 184, 186

siege of, 99–100, 105, 206–7

Simon de Montfort master of, 106, 110

Castellar, 92, 96, 97–99, 206

Castelnaudary, 135, 173

Castile, 132, 133

Catalans, 142, 144

Catalonia, 92, 137, 225, 240, 243

Catapults, 112–13, 114, 127, 165, 166, 217, 218

Cathala, Arnold, 200

Cathar castles, 258, 259

Cathar country, 247–64

Cathar International, 21, 239

Cathar leaders

poverty of, 61–62

Cathar treasure, 217, 255, 260–61

story of, 251–52

Cathar wars, anonymous chronicler of, 167–68

Catharism, 7–9, 14–15, 44, 56, 81, 208, 219, 226, 243

beliefs in, 10–13, 21–22, 24–26, 31

defenders of, in Albigensian Crusade, 90

destruction of, 190, 228, 230

Dominican order and, 60

documentary record, 14–15

havens for surplus women, 64

Italian, 229–30

in Languedoc, 17–31, 41, 126, 214

as mass phenomenon, 260

in our day, 15–16, 247–64

repression of, 179

resistance to Inquisition, 204–5

reversion to, 170

Toulouse, 45, 122, 134

women in, 12, 25–26, 41–44, 173

Cathars, 2, 7–16, 57, 137, 156, 180, 232–38

betrayed to Inquisition, 196, 222–25, 229, 234–35, 237–38, 246

call for crusade against, 69–70

campaign against, 5–6

in Carcassonne, 100, 173

and Cistercian monks, 59

connection to Nazis, 257–58

crusade against, 140, 156

debates with Catholics, 55–56, 57, 58, 62–63, 71, 94, 130

in exile, 240, 241

Inquisition in destruction of, 197–200, 226–30

in Languedoc, 8, 9–10, 183, 222–25, 239

legacy of, 262–64

in Minerve, 111–16, 125

at Montségur, 213–21

network of, 161

organization, 31

and power struggle between feudal lords, 106–7

Raymond Roger Trencavel and, 76, 77

reemergence of, 173–74

revival of, 233–38

romanticized, 253

in Toulouse, 121–23

valedictory, 222–25

writings about, 249–52, 253, 255–62

Cathedral of Ste-Cécile, 2–5, 3f

Catholic hierarchy, 170–72

conclave on Raymond of Toulouse, 125–26

Catholicism, 258

conversion to, 204

Catholics, 121

debates with Cathars, 55–56, 57, 58, 62–63, 94, 130

Cavaille, William-Peter, 237

Celestine III, Pope, 35

Cellerien, Sicard, 31

Champagne, 8

Charlemagne, 46

Chartres, 181

Chatte (cat), 97–98, 164–65, 166–67, 216

Christianity, 37

Church (the), 2, 11–12, 213

as cash cow for French monarchs, 181

dissatisfaction with, 8

and Languedoc, 49–54, 118

role in world, 31

women in, 40–41

Church leaders, Languedoc, 170–72

Church of Rome, 109

Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Béziers), 79, 85

Cistercian monastic movement/monks, 49–51, 58–60, 62, 176, 196, 200

Civil society

destroyed by Inquisition, 198

Claricia, 36

Clement III, Pope, 36

Clergue, Peter, 238

Cologne, Germany, 30

Colonna (clan), 35, 118

Comminges, 134

Comminges, count of, 139

Conrad of Marburg, 195, 228

Consolamentum, 23–24, 26, 77, 131, 173, 191, 219, 235–36, 242

for Belibaste, 240, 241

women receiving, 41, 43

Constance (mother of Raymond VI), 44, 45

Constantine, 37

Constantinople, 73, 119

Consuls (capitouls), 52, 120, 160

Conti family, 35–36

Conti di Segni, Lotario dei

see Innocent III, Pope (Lotario dei Conti di Segni)

Corbières, 18, 79, 90, 127, 157, 240, 246, 258, 262

Cordes, 200

Counterculture, 258–59

Couserans, 134

Credentes, 21, 22, 25–26, 28, 115, 121, 122, 131, 173, 174, 210, 235

of Bélibaste, 241

burned at Montségur, 219

errors in beliefs of, 236

female, 42, 43

in Inquisition, 199, 208

number of, 41

refuge at Montségur, 214

Cross (the), 24–25, 28

Crusade, 75–80, 117, 250

attack on Béziers, 78–80, 81–87, 88, 221

end of, 179–90

end of, ordered, 137, 138–39, 140

against lands of Toulouse, 129–31

in Languedoc, 138–41

military success of, 118

reinstated, 141

victim of quarantine, 169

see also Albigensian Crusade

Crusaders, 70–74

attack on Carcassonne, 88–103

attack on Minerve, 112–16

battle of Muret, 141–49

destruction by, 109

promises made to, 72

Crusades, 26, 239

bloody sideshows in, 73

doom for Jews in, 80

D


d’Ablis, Geoffrey, 237, 238

d’Alayrac, Philip, 237, 240

D’Alfaro, Raymond, 208–9

Dante Alighieri, 58

De miseria condicionis humanae (Clement III), 36

Debussy, Claude, 261

Delicieux, Bernard, 4, 233, 234f

Diego de Azevedo, bishop of Osma, 60–63

Dispossession, threat of, 202

Divine Comedy (Dante), 58

Docetism, 30

Doinel, Jules, 254

Dominic, St.

see Domingo de Guzmán (St. Dominic)

Dominicans, 60, 172, 174–75, 202

and Inquisition, 7, 14

inquisitors, 192, 196, 200–205, 208, 229, 232

Domingo de Guzmán (St. Dominic), x, 15, 60–66, 61f, 71, 129, 173, 185, 202, 239, 250

canonized saint, 192

death of, 174–75

Dondaine, Antoine, 14

Dualism, 13, 18, 23, 81, 111, 121, 236, 238, 245

Cathar, 11, 12, 24, 41, 173

“churches” of, 230

Dualists, 30, 174

Dutch Rosicrucians, 259

E


Eco, Umberto, 228

Eleanor (wife of Raymond of Toulouse), 92

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 190, 225

Endura (hunger strike), 236

England, 181

Enguerrand of Coucy, 129

Epernon, Robert d’, 22

Ermessinde (wife of Roger Bernard), 225

Esclarmonde of Foix, x, 43, 110–1, 153, 176, 250, 256

film about, 262

operas about, 253

Etiennette de Pennautier (called Loba), 45–46, 48, 104, 105, 176

Eudes, duke of Burgundy, 69

Eudo, 27

Europe, Church in, 39

Excommunication, threat of, 202

F


Fabre, Raymond, 237

Faidits (fautors), 107

Fair heretics (bela eretga), 44

Fanjeaux (town), 18, 43, 62, 110

Cathars in, 170, 173

Fausta (wife of Constantine), 37, 38

Félibrige, 253, 254

Ferrer, Brother, 226–27

Feudal lords

political power struggle between, 106–7

Feudal order

French king represented sacred legitimacy of, 183

Feudal rules, 136, 140

Feudalism, 44

Fiancée des ténèbres, La (film), 262

Figueira, Guilhem, 171

First Crusade, 46

First World War, 254

Flanders, 52

Foix, 64, 253

castle of, 108

and royal crusade, 184, 186

Foix, count of, 134, 139

Foix, family of, 135–36

Fontevrault, 224

Fontfroide, monastery of, 59

Fournier, Jacques (later Benedict XII), x, 237, 238, 239, 245–46, 245f

Fourth Crusade, 72–73, 108, 119

Fourth Lateran Council, 150–56, 152f, 177, 195

decree of, 155–56, 157, 161, 170, 178

France, 10

and Languedoc, 178, 180–81

annexed Languedoc, 2, 10, 19, 225

Francis of Assisi, 62

Franciscans, 62, 175, 204

Frangipani, 35, 38, 118, 179

Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, 22, 28, 72

Frederick II, Emperor (Stupor Mundi), 35, 203, 207, 218

French army, 206, 212

royal crusade, 183–87

French monarchy

Occitans and, 183

French Third Republic, 249, 250, 253

French Underground, 258

Fulk of Marseilles, bishop of Toulouse, x, 15, 42, 49, 58, 64, 66, 68–69, 122f, 124, 130, 152, 171–72, 202, 246

and battle of Muret, 142, 144

deceased, 192

in exile, 170, 175

at Fourth Lateran Council, 153–54, 155–56

preaching campaign in Toulouse, 121–23

and royal crusade, 183, 186

and siege of Toulouse, 160, 161, 164

G


Garcias, Peter, 222–23, 246

Garonne, 161, 164

Gascon nobility, 142

Gascony, 47

Gaston of Béarn, 139

Gelasius II, Pope, 34

Genoa, 181

Geralda, lady of Lavaur, 111, 131

Giotto di Bondone, 62

Gnostics, 30, 42, 80, 81

God of Catharism, 11

Golairan, William-Raymond, 209

Gospel of John, 80–81

Grail stories, 254, 256, 257

Great Heresy

Languedoc and, 17–31

Gregory VII, Pope, 25, 33, 94

Gregory IX, Pope (Ugolino dei Conti di Segni), x, 186, 193, 194f, 195–96, 202–3

death of, 207

Gros, Raymond, 204

Gui, Bernard, 228, 237, 239

Guilhabert of Castres, x–xi, 15, 43, 63, 110, 173, 191, 192, 214, 239, 259

Guirdham, Arthur, 259

Guy de Montfort, 166

H


Heaven’s Gate, 261

Helena (mother of Constantine), 37

Henry of Lausanne, 27, 29

Henry II, king of England, 25, 66, 70, 225

Henry III, king of England, 207–8, 211–12

Henry VI, Emperor and king of Germany, 34–35, 203

Henry VIII, king of England, 38

Heresiarchs, 21, 173

Heresy, 27–31, 57, 205, 233

bastion of, 110

celebration of failed, 248–49

Inquisition and, 225–30

in Italy, 230

Languedoc, 156

putting down, 195–96

rooting out, 206

tolerance of, 94, 140

Heresy tribunal, 193–95

Heretics, 72

burning, 127, 131

Hervé de Donzy, count of Nevers, 69, 100

Hildegard of Bingen, 40

Histoire des Albigeois (Peyrat), 250

Hohenstaufens, 47, 177

Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, The (Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln), 260–61

Honorius III, Pope, 169

Hot, Arnold, 63

Hugh de Lacy, 103

Hugh de Lusignan, 207–8, 212

Hugh of Arcis, 215, 216–17

Hugo, Victor, 261

Humbert de Beaujeau, 186

Hundred Years’ War, 212

Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 254

I


Iberian Peninsula, 10, 93, 132

Ideas, 20

history of, 10

in Languedoc, 52–53

Ile de France, 10, 19, 44, 178

Ile de la Cité, 187–88, 190

Informers, 198, 199, 204

Innocent III, Pope (Lotario dei Conti di Segni), xi, 15, 32–39, 34f, 40, 41, 51, 54, 60, 62, 66, 70, 157, 171, 176, 177, 186, 196, 203, 239

on bishops, 195

call for crusade, 68–69, 109

and Church in Languedoc, 57–58

and crusades, 72, 73–74, 87, 94, 133, 137

death of, 159, 174

ended Albigensian Crusade, 137, 138–39, 140

Fourth Lateran Council, 150–51, 153–56, 161

launched Albigensian Crusade, 6

made it crime to tolerate presence of heretics, 106–7

Pedro vassal of, 92–93

power of, 118–19

and punishment of Raymond, 126, 129

and Raymond of Toulouse’s diplomatic offensive, 119–20, 124, 125

reinstated crusade, 140–41

Innocent IV, Pope, 229–30

Inquisition, 2, 7, 42, 173, 191–200, 211, 214, 215, 218–19, 225–30, 240, 241, 242, 246

Aragonese, 241

backlash, 201–10

heads of, 237

interrogation check list, 197

interrogations, 14, 226, 228

in Italy, 229–30

symbol of, 220f

torture in, 229

Inquisition registers, 227, 227f, 233

Inquisitors, 196–200, 202–4, 205f, 208, 211, 213, 222, 225–30, 232, 238

Inquisitor’s manuals, 228

Interdict, 129

threat of, 202

Toulouse under, 118, 120, 204

Internet, 261

Italian language, 22

Italy, 8, 39

Inquisition in, 229–30

J


Jean de St. Pierre, 227–28

Jerusalem, 8, 39, 46, 70, 72, 137, 151

Jesus of Nazareth, 24, 30, 260

Jews, 69, 77, 202

attacked by crusaders, 73

doom for, in crusades, 80

of Languedoc, 20, 53

required to wear yellow circle, 151

in Toulouse, 121, 123

Joan of Arc, cult of, 250

Joan of England, 45, 156, 158, 224

John, king of England, 149, 181

Jongleurs, 19–20, 43, 44

Jordan, Pons, 63

Jubilee, 230–32

K


Kabbalah/Kabbalists, 20, 42

Knights, 109, 144, 215

in battle of Muret, 141–43, 146

killed at Lavaur, 130

mounted, 71

in siege of Toulouse, 165–66

Kreuzzug gegen den Gral (Rahn), 256

L


Lackland, John, 45

Languedoc, 1, 7, 13–14, 39

Amaury de Montfort handed over to France, 178, 181

annexed to France, 2, 10, 19, 225

betrayal of Cathars in, 222–25

Catharism in, 17–31, 41, 126

Cathars and, 8, 9–10, 183, 222- 25, 239

the Church and, 49–54, 118

crusade to, 73, 135, 138–41

debate between Cathars and Catholics, 55–56, 57, 58

in Fourth Lateran Council, 152–56

fragility of, 172–73

France and, 178, 180–81

and the Great Heresy, 16, 17–31

Inquisition in, 230

linguistic recovery movement, 253

as moral utopia, 255

overlords, 44–49

partible inheritance system, 43

pop exploitation of Catharism, 247–49, 258–62

repression of Cathars in, 228

resentment toward Inquisition in, 206

revolt in, 211–13

Romano di San Angelo papal legate to, 179–80

royal crusade in, 183–87, 190

search for heretics in, 196

Simon de Montfort lord of, 152, 156, 159

tolerance in, 173

troubadour culture, 250

war in, 169–72

warriors from, besieging Montségur, 215–18

Languedoc nobles, 172, 207–8

dispossessed, 106–7

and royal crusade, 182–83

La Mancha, 132–33

Las Navas de Tolosa, 133, 138, 142, 159

Lateran Palace, 28, 37, 38

Laurac, 173

Lauragais, 173

Lavaur, 18, 129, 137, 138, 173, 184

siege of, 129–31, 171

Leigh, Richard, 260

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 14

Lincoln, Henry, 260

Lizier, Grazida, 236

Lombard League, 22

Lombardy, 52

Lombers (town), 30–31, 44, 56, 110

Lombrives, 251–52, 254, 255

Louis VIII, king of France, xii, 169, 177, 180–81, 213

royal crusade, 182, 183–85

Louis IX, king of France, 185f, 189, 215, 239

Louvre, 190

Lucius II, Pope, 34

Luzifers Hofgesind (Rahn), 256–57

M


Magiciens et illuminés (Magre), 255

Magna Carta, 107, 151

Magre, Maurice, 255–56, 258, 260

Maimonides, Moses, 202

Main de Dieu, La (movie), 261–62

Malvoisine, La (Bad Neighbor), 112–13, 114, 124, 164

Mangonels, 96

Manual of the Inquisitors of Carcassonne (Bernard de Caux), 228

Mark (gravedigger), 22, 229, 239

Marmande massacre, 169, 177, 183

Marseilles, 183

Marty, Arnold, 243

Marty, Bertrand, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219

Mary, mother of Jesus, 40, 101

Mary Magdalene, 80–81, 239, 260

feastday, 79, 80, 88, 116

Mass executions by fire, 116

Massacres, 211

at Marmande, 169

at Montgey, 153–54

at Muret, 149, 159

Matter/material world

in Catharism, 10, 11, 122

Maury, Peter, 241, 243–44

Medieval (the), 7

Medieval society, 71

Medieval warfare

conventions of, 84

sabotage scenario, 98

Melioramentum, 21, 22, 121, 242

Mercadier, Sans, 237

Mercenaries (routiers), 65, 71, 86, 164, 215

with crusading army, 71, 72

Mercier, Guirald, 31

Metempsychosis, 42

Middle Ages, 7, 67

Milo (notary), 69, 125

Mine gallery(ies), 98

Minerve, 111–16, 124, 125, 127, 137, 164, 173

Minervois, 18, 90, 111

Mirabilis Urbis Romae (Innocent III), 36

Mirepoix, 173

Mistral, Frederic, 253

Moissac, 200

Monastic clergy, 50

Monasticism, 49

Moneylending, 121, 122

Montagne Noire, 18, 79, 90, 105, 127, 157

Perfects on, 192

Montaillou, 18, 237–38, 242

Montaillou (Le Roy Ladurie), 14

Montforts, 177, 179

Arnold Amaury turned against, 176

reparations to, 180

Montgey, 130, 135, 163

massacre at, 153–54

Montpellier, 7, 17, 47, 52, 59, 60, 128

Church leaders exiled in, 170

and crusade, 76

Dominic in, 61–62

Inquisition in, 202

Montpensier, 184, 185

Montréal, 18, 62, 63

siege of, 206

Montségur, 18, 137, 153, 256, 259, 262–63, 263f

Cathars in, 110, 173, 205

cult of, 250–52, 254

fall of, 15, 213–21, 222

siege of, 7

studies of, 258

refuge for Perfect, 213–15

Moore, R. I., 13

Moors, 10, 133, 137

Morella, 242, 243, 246

Mount St. Bartholomew, 110, 214, 263

Muret, 177

battle of, 141–49, 146f, 147f, 152

memory of, avenged, 166

victory of, 156, 159

Muslims, 10, 39, 151

N


Name of the Rose, The (Eco), 228

Narbonne, 7, 17, 52, 53, 57, 58, 159, 183

al-Nasir, Muhammad, 132

Nazis, 16, 257–58

Neognostics, 253–54, 259

Nervas Forum, 37

New Age, 259

New Testament, 30, 55–56, 80

Newton, Isaac, 261

Nicetas, 22–23, 26, 31, 239

Niel, Fernand, 258

Nîmes, 17, 183

Noblewomen, 43

Notre Dame Cathedral, 24, 187–88, 189, 190, 207

O


Oath taking, 12, 30–31

Occitan culture, 44

Occitan knights, 144

Occitan language, 19–20, 22, 253

Occitan nobles, 142, 156, 169, 176

Occitanists, 254–55

Occitans, 111, 135, 206, 230

embassy to Rome, 119–20

and French monarchy, 183

at jubilee, 231

Old Testament, 30

Order of Friars Preachers

see Dominicans

Order of the Solar Temple, 16, 261

P


Pamiers, 62, 136

Papacy, 25, 207

as power broker, 151

temporal possessions of, 203

Papal courts, 228

Papal legates

prosecutorial power of, 195–96

Paranormal, 254

Parsifal (von Eschenbach), 256

Partible inheritance, 43

Patrimony of Peter, 118–19

“Peace of God” movements, 50

Pedro II, king of Aragon, xii, 56, 59, 76, 111, 135, 155, 159, 181

in battle of Muret, 142, 145, 148

conflict with Arnold Armaury, 138–41

and crusade, 92–96

crusade against Muslims, 133–34

death of, 147, 149

holdings of, 138

and Raymond’s rehabilitation efforts, 125, 128–29

recognized Simon de Montfort as vassal, 127–28

seal of, 93f

tolerance for Cathars, 137

tried to stop crusade against Toulouse, 134

Péladan, Josephin (called Sar), 254

Pelhisson, William, 192, 193, 201

Perfect (the), 8–9, 21–22, 28, 30, 31, 42, 63, 70, 122, 137, 174, 191, 208

administering consolamentum raison d’être of, 235–36

in Béziers, 79

burning of, 131, 218–21, 230, 237

capital crime of being, 199

converting to Catholicism, 229

female, 43–44, 110, 234

killed at Minerve, 115–16

last of, 239, 241, 244, 246

number of, 44

reemergence of, 173–74

refuge on Montségur, 213–15, 216

regimen of, 23–24

response to Inquisition, 204–5, 237

running from violence, 109–11, 240

saving Cathar treasury, 217

status of, 41

Peter of Bruis, 28

Peter of Castelnau, xi, 59–60, 61, 64, 65, 82

murder of, 66, 68, 70, 76, 120, 125, 195, 261

Peter of Courtenay, count of Auxerre, 69

Peter of Nemours, 129

Peter of Vaux de Cernay, 82, 85, 97, 114, 116, 119, 125, 143–44

Peter Roger of Cabaret, 90–91, 105, 106, 111, 127

Peter Roger of Mirepoix, 209, 210, 215, 216, 217, 218

Petrarch, Francesco, 37

Petrine commission, 26

Peyrat, Napoleon, 249–52, 253, 254, 255, 261, 262

Philip Augustus, king of France, xii, 57, 69, 94, 126

death of, 177, 179

Philippa (wife of Raymond Roger), 43, 111, 176

Pilgrms, 72

Piquier, Raymonda, 241

Plantagenet, Henry

see Henry II, King of England

Plantagenets, 47, 107, 177

plan to recover territory of Poitou, 212

Poitou, 212

Pope (the), 33–34, 94, 119

see also Papacy

Popular culture

exploitation of Cathars in, 6, 247–49, 258–62

Poussin, Nicolas, 261

Poverty, apostolic, 61–62

Prades Tavernier, 237

Proskynesis (kissing of feet), 33

Prouille, 110

Provence/Provençals, 47, 65, 156, 158, 161

Pulp Fiction (Tarantino), 6

Pyrenees, 18, 214, 216, 258, 262

Q


Quarantine, 72, 78, 102, 109, 169

Quertinheux (fortress), 105

R


Rahn, Otto, 255–57, 258

Raoul of Fontfroide, 59, 61, 64, 82

Raymond, Bernard, 31

Raymond, Peter, 237

Raymond de Saint Gilles

see Raymond VI

Raymond du Fauga, bishop of Toulouse, 192–93, 196, 204, 246

Raymond of Pereille, 213–14, 215, 219

Raymond of Rabastens, bishop of Toulouse, 58, 68

Raymond Roger of Foix, xii, 15, 43, 46, 48, 56, 105, 178, 184

attack on crusaders, 130

in battle of Muret, 144

and Cathars, 110–11

death of, 176

in defense of Toulouse, 135, 136

at Fourth Lateran Council, 153, 154

stood by Raymond of Toulouse, 125

Raymond IV, count of Toulouse, 46

Raymond V, count of Toulouse, 44–45

Raymond VI, count of Toulouse, xii, 15, 44, 45–46, 47–49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 128, 134, 180

in battle of Muret, 142–43, 145, 147, 149

campaign for rehabilitation, 123–27, 128–29

in crusade, 70–71, 73–74, 75–76, 85, 92, 102

death of, 175–76

in defense of Toulouse, 135, 136

diplomatic offensive by, 117–20

excommunication, 65, 66, 117–18, 120, 124, 126, 127, 129

fled to England, 149

at Fourth Lateran Council, 152

personal characteristics, 108

public scourging, 67–68, 69–70, 187

punishment, 140

seal of, 45f

in siege of Toulouse, 161–62

tolerance toward Cathars, 111

Raymond VII, count of Toulouse (Raymond the younger), xii, 134, 145, 149, 155, 156, 158–59, 170, 172, 176, 179–80, 196, 200, 207

became Raymond VII, 175

death of, 224–25

excommunicated, 180

hunting down Perfects, 192

and Inquisition, 202–4, 208

and Montségur, 218

persecution of Cathars, 223–24

public penance, 187–90, 188f

revolt by, 211–13

and royal crusade, 182, 184, 187

seal of, 180f

and siege of Toulouse, 164

Reconquista, 133

Reincarnation, 11, 21, 25–26

Relics, 25, 38, 144

Renaissance of twelfth century, 7–8

Rennes-le-Château, 261

Revivalist tours, 59–60

Rheims, 181

Rhineland, 8, 195

Ribauds, 71–72, 83, 86

Riccardo, 37, 118

Richard Lionheart, 45, 72, 225

Richard of Cornwall, 212

River Aude, 18, 88, 91

River Orb, 78, 82–83

Robert le Bougre, 195

Robert of Arbrissel, 27–28, 40, 224

Roché, Déodat, 254–55, 258, 259–60

Roger Bernard of Foix, 136, 170, 184, 225

defection of, 212, 213, 225

in siege of Toulouse, 163, 165

Roman Forum, 36, 37

Roman law, 151

Romano di San Angelo, Cardinal, 179–80, 181, 183, 185–86, 187, 196

punishment of Raymond VII, 187–90

Rome, 32–39

ruled by Innocent, 118, 119

Roquebert, Michel, 183

Rouen, 181

Royal crusade, 182–87, 206

S


SS. Sergio and Bacco (church), 37

Sacraments, Cathar, 23–24

St. Félix en Lauragais, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31, 41, 52, 130, 208

Saint Gilles (family), 46–47, 49, 70, 94, 120, 127, 152, 162

burial ground of, 175

end of line of, 225

followers of, 157

lands of, 135, 156

loss of power, 213

patrimony, 207

St. Gilles (town), 51, 57, 66, 67, 180, 183

church at, 70, 117, 120, 187

special conclave in, 124–25, 126

St. John Lateran (basilica), 37–38

St. Nazaire Cathedral, 167

St. -Pons-de-Thomieres, 51

St. Sernin (church), 175

Sainte Chapelle, 189

Saladin, 72

Sancha of Aragon (wife of Raymond VII), 138, 207

Sancho, count of Provence, 138

Sang de Toulouse, Le (Magre), 255

Sans, Peter, 237

Sant Mateu, 242, 243, 244, 246

Secular clergy, 50, 59, 172

Seila, Peter, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206

Sens, 181

Servian, 62

Sicard of Lunel, 229, 246

Sicre, Arnold, 242–46

Siege engines, 96–97, 164–65, 216

Siege warfare, 145, 217

Sieges, 84

Carcassonne, 92, 99–100, 101–3, 105, 206–7

Lavaur, 129–31

Montségur, 7

Toulouse, 157–68, 167f, 169, 212, 216

Sierra Morena, 132–33

Simon de Montfort, xiii, 15, 102f, 107–9, 117, 133, 170, 173, 182, 186, 189, 206, 225

Albigensian Crusade, 6

attack on Minerve, 112–15

army of, 108–9

battle of Muret, 141–49

bond of vassalage to Aragon, 127–28, 140

campaign of 1210, 106, 124, 125, 127

death of, 166–68, 167f, 172, 174

fight with Pedro of Aragon, 134, 136–37

lands awarded to, 155–56

ordered to end crusade, 138–39

poll tax, 109–10

repulsed before Cabaret, 105

resistance to, 110

siege of Carcassonne, 92, 101–3

siege of Lavaur, 129–31

siege of Toulouse, 134–37, 157–68, 216

sovereignty over Languedoc, 152, 156, 159

truce with Raymond Roger, 111

Simon de Montfort (fourth son of Simon de Montfort), 107

Spiritual Franciscans, 233

Ste-Cécile, 233

Steiner, Rudolf, 254

Stephen of St. Thibery, 204, 206, 208, 210, 227

Surdespine (fortress), 105

T


Tanchelm of Antwerp, 27

Tarantino, Quentin, 6

Termes, 127, 129, 183

Textor, John, 201

Thedisius, 125

Theosophy, 253

Third Crusade, 72

Tolerance, 54, 234

return to, 169–78

Torre dei Conti, 37, 118

Toulousains, 47, 148–49, 159, 162, 163, 165, 184, 186

Toulouse, 7, 18, 31, 52, 64, 75, 120–21, 125, 173

Catharism in, 45, 122, 134

Cathars sought refuge in, 111

changed life in, 192

crusade against, 129–31

Dominicans in, 175

French dominion over, 207

gang warfare in, 123

inquisitors in, 196, 201–2, 203, 204

under interdict, 118, 120, 204

and royal crusade, 184, 186

siege of, 157–68, 167f, 169, 212, 216

Simon’s campaign against, 134–37

university in, 190

Towns, medieval, 52–53

Trasimondo, 36

Trebuchets, 96–97, 112–13, 113f, 114, 216

Trencavel, Raymond Roger, xii, 56, 105, 178, 246

and attack on Carcassonne, 89–90, 91, 93–96, 98–102

and crusade, 75–80

death of, 101

revolt by, 206–7

seal of, 77f

son of, 128

vassal of King Pedro, 93–96

Trencavel lands, 124, 127, 135, 138, 188

Cathars in, 111

given to Simon de Montfort, 101, 105, 156

rooting out heresy in, 206

Trencavels, 48–49, 50–51, 52, 75, 79, 94, 120

and crusade, 76

vassals of, 157

Trésor des Albigeois, Le (Magre), 255

Trial by ordeal, 151

Troubadour culture, 52, 250, 253, 259

Troubadour poetry, 19–20

Troubadours, 9, 43–44, 133, 170f, 171, 256

Troyes, Chrétien de, 256

Two Principles of creation, 11

U


Urban II, Pope, 8

V


Vassalage, 128

Vassaletti (clan), 35

Venice, 72–73, 181

Ventura, William, 231

Verfeil, 29, 62–63

Via Domitia, 76

Vidal, Peire, 45–46, 104

Vigoros of Bacone, 202

Villerouge-Termenès, 246

Vinci, Leonardo da, 261

von Eschenbach, Wolfram, 256

W


Waldensians (“Poor Men of Lyons”), 8, 62

Wagner, Richard, 254

Water supplies, control of, 91, 99, 114, 164

Weil, Simone, 255

Western civilization, 13

White Brotherhood, 123–24, 129–30, 131

William (Franciscan friar), 223

William (priest and siege engineer), 127, 129, 130

William de Balaguier, 210

William of Contres, 144, 145, 147

William of Lahille, 210

William of Minerve, 111, 114–15

William of Paris, 189

William of Puylaurens, 82

William of Soler, 204

William of Tudela, 78, 82, 83, 85–86, 92, 94, 100, 116, 119

Women, 40–41, 81

in Catharism, 12, 25–26, 41–44, 173

Z


Zara (city), 73, 108